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Tuesday, January 22, 2019

Blood sugar

Quite often, diseases associated with impaired carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes mellitus and prediabeticheskie condition ofhypoglycemia), long proceed asymptomatically and are diagnosed already in severe forms. It is important to understand that for the prevention of any disease is recommended strict I Herbal diet. Where no such therapeutic power type to prevent irreversible changes in the body, from time to time need to donate blood sugar.

Blood sugar is a fairly simple procedure that does not require a lot of time and money, but quite informative.

Types of
There are several types of blood sugar:

Laboratory;
Express-method;
Test with "sugar load;
Analysis of glikirovanyj hemoglobin.
It is believed that the laboratory method more accurate because it is carried out only in specialized laboratories (hospital or diagnostic centres). Express-method is convenient because the patient may spend it yourself at home by using a special device-glucose test. But when it is used in error results can be up to twenty percent that could be connected with the technical device of the device or its incorrect use.

Indications for
Measure the glucose level can each, but with a number of symptoms of blood sugar is necessarily procedure. Among them:

a strong and constant thirst;
reduced efficiency;
increased fatigue;
lowered immunity.

Methodology of conducting
Regardless of the type of blood, the rules are the same. First of all, the blood (from the finger or from Vienna) is carried out on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning. One day prior to analysis stands to abandon alcohol and possibly taking drugs because they may distort the results.

Laboratory study involves blood w anal blood from the fingertip/from Vienna. Thus, it is held as the standard sample for blood sugar levels and analysis for glycated hemoglobin. The latter is used less frequently to detect violations of carbohydrate metabolism. Is assigned to patients with diagnosed diabetes already for tracking blood glucose Dynamics to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

For a test with "sugar" is a load of blood from the veins on an empty stomach, after which the patient drinks sugar syrup and two hours later rents blood again. Taking a break to eat, drink, smoke or engage in physical exercise, as this may distort the results of the study.

Norms and decoding
As already mentioned, the normal blood sugar level is 3.5-5.5 mmol/l glucose Increase to 6.0 mmol/l is called a prediabeticheskim conditionwhich may be caused by excessive eating, drinking sweet alcohol for 24 hours prior to blood donation, stress, but it is not a disease.

When taking blood from a vein glucose levels above the norm at twelve percent and this should be taken into account when their decryption.

For a test with "sugar load" has its own border rules:

Up to 7.8 mmol/l is the norm;
11.00-7.8 mmol/l is pre-diabetes;
Above 11.1 mmol/l — diabetes.
What if the test results are bad?
You can always hold a retest to be sure, but if additional studies have identified the disease, do not despair. Violation of carbohydrate metabolism, when properly assigned therapy doctor-endocrinologist, largely not affect quality of life, and prediabeticheskie condition can be corrected by using individual diet.

Pre-diabetes-glucose intolerance

Impaired glucose tolerance (pre-diabetes) is a condition in which blood glucose levels above prefectures, but below a critical level, which is diagnosed is diabetes. In other words, this is one of the stages of violations of carbohydrate metabolism, the next step which is diabetes.

Currently, patients with diagnosed condition prediabeticheskim make up the bulk of the Group at risk to develop diabetes. The pre-diabetes is one of the factors in the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system and can be fatal even in diabetes.

With suspected or established by back should contact the endocrinologistwho will help find out the cause and prescribe treatment. And preferably not to postpone a visit to a specialist in order to avoid the development of disease or complications.

The reasons for violations
Glucose is the energy substrate of all processes in our body. Most of it gets into the blood stream while sucking it from the digestive tract following the breakup of the carbohydrates that come with food. Next in the pancreas produces insulin, which helps the body tissues to absorb glucose from the blood, lowering its level.

Two hours after a meal blood sugar dropping to normal (3.5-5.5 mmol/l).

Among the factors the breach of carbohydrate metabolism allocate:

Arterial hypertension;
Chronic diseases of the cardiovascular system, liver, kidneys;
Receiving diabetogennyh medication (hormonal medications, oral contraceptives, corticosteroids);
Obesity;
Stress;
Pregnancy (gestational diabetes);
Elevated levels of cholesterol;
Autoimmune diseases;
Diseases of the endocrine system;
Random diet (with lots of refined sugars);
Age (over 45 years);
Genetic predisposition (diagnosed diabetes or glucose tolerance violations among close relatives).
Doctors are advised to check your blood sugar at least twice a year, even if there is no suspicion, and people with at least one risk factor is about four.

Diagnosis of prediabetes
Pre-diabetes is diagnosed usually accidentally. Tolerance to glukoze violation in some cases are asymptomatic, and the emergence of complaints often speaks about the already developed diabetes. And all, in some cases, patients were treated with some characteristic symptoms:

Thirst (severe and prolonged, occurs when the slightest bit of psycho-emotional load);
Fatigue, decreased performance, drowsiness;
Reduced immunity and overall well-being.
Confirm the diagnosis by using blood sugar or its modifications (glucose loading, analysis on haemoglobin glikirirovannyj).

When a standard analysis of the blood glucose preddiabetom is called prandial glucose level rise to 6.0 mmol/l For gljukozotolerantnogo test dvujetaptnogo prediabeticheskogo State boundaries is the level of glucose:

The first portion of blood -6.7 5.5 mmol/l;
The second portion of blood — to 11.1 mmol/l.

For gljukozotolerantnogo test there are absolute indications:

Patients at risk of development of carbohydrate metabolism;
Pregnant;
Patients who have frequent cases of hyperglycemia (increased blood glucose) and the glukozurii (increased concentration of sugar in the urine);
Persons who are close relatives whom suffer violations of exchange of glucose or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Treatment tolerance to glukoze violation
It should be remembered that prediabetes is not a disease, and therefore treated as such does not exist. When it detects a violation of tolerance to glukoze, doctor-endocrinologist appoints correction, which is the change in lifestyle (nutrition with reduced carbohydrates and dosed physical loading).

Monday, January 21, 2019

Diabetic foot

Diabetic foot
Diabetic foot is a complication of diabetes that is pathological processes at the foot of the patient.

Diabetic foot refers to meet most often complicate diabetes and in 85-90% of cases is typical for type II diabetes. Usually starts after 15-25 years of diabetic experience in stage of decompensation and is the most frequent cause of disability of patients with diabetes.

The reasons for the development of
Development of diabetic foot syndrome is a complex mechanism of various processes throughout the body in diabetes. So, with a long course of diabetes, especially when frequent dekompensacijah process, because of the constant sugar spikes from normal to high numbers, occurs a gradual destruction of the blood vessels throughout the body.

It all begins with small capillaries, and culminates in an all-pervasive violation of the blood supply. Along with this process, similar phenomena occur with nerve endings. As a result — metabolic tissues, including the skin surface.

For diabetes is characterized by dryness of the skin, and the feet again and thickening. This is typically called fungal defeat or banal omozolennostju. This skin condition leads to frequent cracks on the foot or other injuries that the patient initially and does not notice due to impaired innervation area.

The scarred skin in healthy people with adequate blood supply heals easily and quickly. And diabetes when disturbed blood flow in vessels, any injury (including light cuts and bruises even) leads to long-nezazhivajushhemu process. To the site of injury joins infection and begins the process of inflammation and nekrotizirovanija (die-off).

Signs of diabetic foot
Complaints and a change in the objective examination by a doctor with diabetic foot depends on the form and stage of the disease.

Symptoms depending on the form of diabetic foot:

Neuropathic form. When is dominated by hitting nerves. Characterized by decreasing the sensitivity on the foot, increasing the pain, patients simply don't feel injured. Stop changing its form, deformed, skin thickens, there are calluses. When an ulcer at the site of injury, their edges will be quite smooth. When the pulse on the arteries of the foot and the colour remained without changes.
Ischemic form. When vascular lesions predominate. Characterized by pobledneniem skin on the feet, its colder than other areas, quite often you can detect swelling. When an ulcer at the site of injury, their edges are uneven, with acute pain.
When the sensitivity and pain persist, do not stop the deformed shape and no corns, but the pulsation of the arteries or not listening, or very weak.
Mixed form. This is the most common form of diabetic foot and includes symptoms and signs of the two previous shapes.
Also, regardless of the form of the disease, on the foot changes depend on the stage of the process:

Stage 0 (risk group). Stop taking deformed shape, there are omozolennosti or skin begins to fade over time and get colder. But no ulcers.
Stage 1. Ulcer occurs only on the surface of the skin without affecting other tissues.
Stage 2. The ulcer extends inland, hitting the skin, fat, muscles and tendons.
Stage 3. The ulcer deepens to the bone.
Stage 4. Occurs a limited stretch of gangrene. A small section of the foot becomes black, has often clearly bounded region.
Stage 5. Gangrene spreads up the foot, turning Shin and above.
Diagnostics
To diagnose diabetic foot, its stages and Forms using the following methods:

Neurological examination;
Blood flow Doppler (ULTRASOUND of blood vessels and blood flow to it);
Angiography (vascular condition survey of the foot);
Radiography stop;
General blood analysis;
Glycemic profile (definition of the blood sugar level throughout the day);
Bacterial sepsis;
Study on the content of the plagues.
Treatment of diabetic foot
Depending on the stage of the patients with diabetic foot can appoint conservative treatment or its combination with surgical methods.

Conservative treatment
To conservative treatment include:

Normalization of blood sugar (insulin, saharosnizhajushh e drugs)
Antibiotics broad-spectrum (prescribed individually, depending on the results obtained from the contents of the ulcers)
Painkillers (Diclofenac, ibuprofen, Analgin)
Drugs improve blood flow in the vessels (Pentoxifylline, Нормовен, Agapurin)
Local antiseptic and antibacterial drugs (prescribed individually, depending on the results obtained from the contents of the ulcers)
Surgical treatment of dabeticheskoj foot
The following methods are used:

Angioplasty (restoration of patency of vessels by plastics receptacles).
Endarterectomy (removing non-restorable vessels and blood flow to run additional branches).
Autovenous bypass (create additional branches of the bloodstream, bypassing the struck vessels from small fragments of their own veins).
Stenting arteries of the lower extremities (installation on the vascular wall special compartments, or other objects that support vessels from spadenija).
Forecast
At risk are about 50% of all patients with diabetes, diabetic foot, however, develops only 10% of the total number of diabetchikov.

After the timely holding of adequate treatment and compliance with doctor's recommendations risk re-development is not more than 1%.

Herbal treatment for diabetes

Herbal treatment for diabetes
Diabetes is a disease that occurs due to the breakdown of carbohydrate metabolism. Carbohydrate metabolism is an important link for the full functioning of the body, as the primary energy source. Its main components: the ratio of glucose and insulin in the body.

The majority of glucose in the body comes from the food, only a small part can be synthesized by cells. Insulin is produced by the same in the pancreas. Diabetes occurs when a steady increase of the level of glucose in the blood, either because of insufficient amounts of insulin, or because of its incorrect structure.

The disease nowadays quite common. Due to the departure of the population from the consumption of healthier foods and popular passion harmful. Disease significantly affects the well-being of the patient, limiting it in many spheres of life, and leads to the development of serious complications:

serious violations of the cardiovascular system;
kidney disease;
disorders of the Visual Analyzer;
pathology of the nervous system at its different levels (encephalopathy, neuropathy);
trophic ulcers, etc.
This eventually leads to a decrease in overall life expectancy.

Diabetes diabetes is of two types: insulin-dependent and insulinrezistentnyj. In the first case raising the level of sugar in the blood is associated with insufficient amount of insulin. In the second case, insulin is produced in adequate quantity, but either cell receptors do not perceive it due to restructuring or glucose enters the body in amounts in excess of consumption. Another sign of insulinrezistentnogo diabetes is overweight.

Recently, patients increasingly try to avoid medication, adhering to therapeutic diets away from meat, milk and flour. Therefore, in the treatment of diabetes, as well as any other disease, does not exclude folk recipes which are an alternative to expensive medicines. Also, before using this or that method of self-treatment with herbs you can consult time phyto therapeutist of the timing of this treatment.

Specialists in the field of traditional medicine using affordable and common herbs for diabetes. The basis of the directions of medicine:

complex organism;
reduce the level of glucose in the blood;
to prevent the development of complications;
enhance the protective functions of the organism.

Many plants contain a substance — riboflavin — which possesses a regenerative abilities, among them: pomegranates, blackberries, Rowan, rose, raspberry, oats and others. The fruits of these plants can be included in a diet or prepare broths and tinctures. Naturally in the summer, when fresh berries, better to use them for food. Dried or frozen fruits are suitable for the winter period, they prepare infusions and Medicinal teas.

Diabetes is quite sedochno git and daily use of medicinal plants:

Aloe;
Galega;
clover;
nettle;
cabbage;
flax;
needle felted burdock;
peppermint and others.
Herbal treatment for diabetes, or more correctly say healing therapy in the treatment of diabetes, can be quite a useful complement to rigorous therapeutic diet, especially type 2 diabetes when patients need to follow not only the level of glucose in the blood, but also for cholesterol and triglycerides (components of lipid metabolism).

Here it is possible to apply different fees that reduce absorption of fat in the gut. Of course, that should be excluded from the diet of fatty, fried, animal foods. This is one of the mandatory items of treatment herbs for diabetes.

As for the recipes, their huge number. It all depends on the severity of diabetes, availability of individual sensitivity or allergies, climatic conditions (it is not always possible to find a plant on a particular area, and for herbal medicine it is better to use natural ingredients, and No extracts). You can also use the tinctures and concoctions based on one component, or to cook diabetic taxes. Below are examples of several popular and affordable recipes, alternative medicine, suitable for diabetes.

Peppermint
Mint has a tonic effect on the body, stimulates the immune system and lowers blood glucose levels. You can use the tincture of dried mint leaves instead of tea. One glass of boiled water will require five grams of dried mint leaves. Insist 15 minutes.

Urtica dioica
Insist leaves of nettle need on vodka or diluted alcohol. Two tablespoons should be 0.5 liter of vodka. After drenched leaves, you must give them to settle for two weeks, then strain and take one teaspoon three times a day before meals. You can also use the juice of fresh leaves of a nettle, taking one tablespoon before meals (three times a day).

Nettle Flowers can BREW with leaves saltbush (at a ratio of one tablespoon of flowers on two tablespoons of leaves). The mixture is poured liter of boiled water at room temperature and kept within a week. Drink this infusion need one teaspoon twice a day: morning and evening before food.

This is a simple and affordable recipes, however, the use of expert advice on desirable grasses.

Omega-6 fats for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases

Review question

We considered randomized trials (participants had an equal chance to receive any intervention), which studied the effect of increased omega-6 fat intake on mortality and cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including. heart attacks and strokes.

Relevance

Omega-6 fats are needed by the body, we get them from food. They are important for the formation of energy (metabolism), healthy bones, skin and hair. Many foods, especially vegetable oils and nuts, contain omega-6 fats. Omega-6 fats include linoleic acid (LK), gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (AK).

Some evidence suggests that increased intake of omega-6 fats with reduced consumption of saturated fats (animal, meat and cheese) can reduce the incidence of coronary heart disease. In contrast, there are concerns that high levels of omega-6 fats may worsen the cardiovascular risk by increasing inflammation. In general, there is no convincing evidence of the benefits or harm of omega-6 fats in cardiovascular diseases or other conditions.

Characteristics of research

The evidence in this review is relevant for May 2017. We found 19 studies involving 6461 adults. In these studies, the effects of high omega-6 fat intake on cardiovascular diseases and mortality were evaluated. We found that the three trials were highly trustworthy (they had a good design, and, therefore, reliable evidence). Studies were conducted in North America, Asia, Europe and Australia. Eight of them were funded only by national or charity agencies. Participants consumed more omega-6 fats or maintained a normal level from 1 to 8 years.

Main results

We have found that increased intake of omega-6 fats may slightly affect mortality or cardiovascular events or not affect them, as well as reduce the risk of heart attacks (evidence of poor quality). Evidence was weakened by design research problems, a small number of events, a low number of participants from developing countries and women.

Evidence suggests that increased intake of omega-6 fats lowers blood cholesterol levels (high-quality evidence), does little or no effect on body weight, taking into account growth (evidence of moderate quality), and only slightly or not at all affects high-density triglyceride levels (HDL, "good" cholesterol) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL, "bad" cholesterol, evidence of poor quality).

Ganoderma lucidum mushroom (Ton varnished) (Lingzhi / Reishi) for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases?

Cardiovascular disease is the name used to refer to any disease such as a heart attack / myocardial infarction or stroke that affects the heart and circulatory system (which moves blood throughout the body). Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases include high blood pressure, and high blood levels of glucose and cholesterol. People with risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are more likely to have a heart attack / myocardial infarction or stroke than people without them.

What is Ganoderma lucidum lacquered cart?

Sterile lacquered (G Lucidum), also known as "Lingzhi" or "Reishi", is a mushroom commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. In China, G lucidum (tinder lacquered) is used in the traditional form of a decoction (kneaded and boiled in water), or in tea or coffee. Recently, it has been produced in the form of an extract in tablets and capsules for the Western market, since it is currently used in Western countries in the hope that it can improve the health of the cardiovascular system.

Purpose of this review

Cochrane Collaborators have tried to determine if G lucidum (tinder mushroom is lacquered), when compared with other drugs or counterfeit drugs - called placebo - is an effective treatment to reduce the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases.

What this review has found

Researchers searched the medical literature for June 2014 to identify all relevant medical research. They found a total of 5 studies comparing G Lucidum with placebo in 398 people (in total) with type 2 diabetes. Overall, the quality of the evidence was poor (low). Unpublished data was obtained for the two included studies and one study was translated from Chinese. The daily doses of G Lucidum used varied between trials from 1.4 g to 5.4 g. In one trial, participants from the group taking G Lucidum used capsules containing either G Lucidum only or a mixture of G Lucidum (75% of the mass of the capsule) with another fungus called Cordyceps sinensis (25% by weight of the capsule). The duration of the test ranged from 12 to 16 weeks.

Two of the 5 trials reported the results only for participants who received G Lucidum, but not for those participants who received a placebo, and therefore information from them could not be used. The remaining 3 trials with 157 participants provided information for analysis.

This information showed that G Lucidum was not an effective treatment for lowering blood glucose, blood pressure, or cholesterol. It was not clear whether the fungus G Lucidum could have reduced the blood glucose level after a meal, since the only information on this was in one study of uncertain quality.

There was not enough information to determine overall safety when taking G Lucidum. One study showed some increased risk of harm (side effects) among participants taking G Lucidum, in the form of nausea, diarrhea or constipation.

Future research in this area should include clinical trials in which the results are presented better.

Sunday, January 20, 2019

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) in the treatment of cancer

Every year there is an increase in the number of patients diagnosed with cancer. Malignant tumors are the main cause of death in some populations. People diagnosed with cancer want to do everything to combat the disease, control the symptoms and cope with the side effects of radiation or chemotherapy. Many are turning to complementary and alternative medicine. Extract of G. lucidum (Reishi mushroom) is a drug that is widely used in the practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It is usually recommended as an additional support of the immune system in the treatment of cancer. Recent laboratory studies and preclinical tests of G. lucidum have shown promising results for its antitumor action. However, clinical evidence of its effectiveness is scarce, and a systematic review is needed to provide holistic information for consumers of health care assistance.

Our review identified, and then included, five relevant randomized controlled trials. A total of 373 people were analyzed. A meta-analysis was performed to combine available data from individual studies. Our results found that patients who received G. lucidum extract as part of an antitumor therapy regimen were 1.27 times more likely to respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy than those who did not. However, these data could not demonstrate a significant effect on tumor size reduction when the extract was used in monotherapy. Moreover, G. lucidum can stimulate immune functions in its host by significantly increasing the percentage of CD3, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes. However, the activity of natural killer cells - (NK) cells, which, as suggested, is an indicator of its own defense against tumor cells, was slightly increased. It was found that patients of the G. lucidum group had a relatively better quality of life after treatment than patients of the control group. Several cases of minor side effects of G. lucidum treatment have been reported, including nausea and insomnia.

There are limitations to the results of this systematic review. First, most of the included studies were small and raised concerns about the methodological quality of individual tests. Secondly, all participants in the individual tests were recruited from the population of China. Based on the combination of these factors, the reliability and applicability of these results are reduced to a significant extent.